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Cloud water deposition was estimated at three high-elevation
sites in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern
United States (Whiteface Mountain, NY; Whitetop Mountain,
VA; and Clingman’s Dome, TN) from 1994 through
1999 as part of the Mountain Acid Deposition Program
(MADPro). This paper provides a summary of cloud water
chemistry, cloud liquid water content, cloud frequency,
estimates of cloud water deposition of sulfur and nitrogen
species, and estimates of total deposition of sulfur and
nitrogen at these sites. Other cloud studies in the Appalachians
and their comparison to MADPro are also summarized.
Whiteface Mountain exhibited the lowest mean
and median concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen ions in
cloud water, while Clingman’s Dome exhibited the highest
mean and median concentrations. This geographic
gradient is partly an effect of the different meteorological
conditions experienced at northern versus southern sites
in addition to the difference in pollution content of air
masses reaching the sites. All sites measured seasonal
cloud water deposition rates of SO4
greater than 50
kg/ha and NO3
rates of greater than 25 kg/ha. These
high-elevation sites experienced additional deposition
loading of SO4
and NO3
on the order of 6–20 times
greater compared with lower elevation Clean Air Status
and Trends Network (CASTNet) sites. Approximately 80–
90% of this extra loading is from cloud deposition.
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Publication Type:
Journal
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Publication Date:
March 2003
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